Main Carriage
Subject
The subject of a sentence is the animate or inanimate entity that performs the action or undergoes the process denoted by the verb. If the sentence denotes a state rather than an action, the subject is what the predicate (verb, adjective or copula phrase) describes. Subjects are marked by ga particle.
ã»ä»å€ã¯æããããã§ãã
ã»ãã£ãç°äžãããæ¥ãŸããã
ã»The moon is beautiful tonight
ã»Mr/Ms Tanaka came just a little while ago
Object
Direct object
Direct objects are nouns and pronouns that are directly affected by the action of the verb. They are usually marked by o particle.
ã»ç§ã¯åéã«ã¯ã€ã³ãããã
ã»I gave my friend a bottle of wine
Indirect object
Indirect objects are nouns and pronouns to which/whom an action is directed. They are generally marked by ni particle.
ã»ç§ã¯åéã«ã¯ã€ã³ãããã
ã»I gave my friend a bottle of wine
Particles
Particles are short functional words that are attached to nouns and indicates its grammatical role.
â ãCase Particles
Short functional words that indicates if the noun is the subject, object, indirect object or as noun modifier
ã ⢠Subject
ã ⢠Object
㫠⢠Indirect Object
㮠⢠Noun Affiliation
ã»ç«ããã
ã»æãããã
ã»é±æ«ã«ãããã¡ããã«äŒãã«è¡ããã
ã»åž°ãã®å笊ã¯è²·ã£ãã®ïŒ
ã»There is a cat
ã»Put your hands down
ã»Let's visit my grandpa this weekend
ã»Did you buy a return ticket?
â¡ãPost Position Particles
Short functional words that follows a noun/pronoun expressing concepts such as time, manner, and location
㧠⢠at, in (place of action)
㧠⢠by, with (means)
㫠⢠at, to, for
㚠⢠with
㞠⢠to
ã»å±
é
å±ã§ããŒã«ã飲ã
ã»æ°å¹¹ç·ã§äº¬éœã«è¡ãã
ã»æ°å®¿ã«è¡ããŸã
ã»å®¶æãšå
¬åã«ãã
ã»åæµ·éãžè¡ã
ã»Drinking beer at Izakaya
ã»Let's go to Kyoto by Shinkansen
ã»I'm going to Shinjuku
ã»I am ging to the park with my family
ã»I'm going to Hokkaido
ãã ⢠from
ãŸã§ ⢠until
ã»ããããåºãã
ã»ãã®ãã¹ã¯åµå±±é§
ãŸã§è¡ã
ã»Let's go out from here
ã»This bus goes until Arashiyama Station
â¢ãConjunctive Particles
Short functional words that connect two or more clauses
㚠⢠and
ã ⢠but
ã ⢠and
ã»ç§ã¯è±èªã𿥿¬èªã話ã
ã»ããŒãã¯é£²ããé
ã¯é£²ãŸãªã
ã»æ¥æ¬ã¯ãããã ã奜ãã§ã
ã»I speak English and Japanese
ã»I drink beer but but don't drink sake
ã»Japan is clean and so I like it
ã㩠⢠but
ãã ⢠because
ã®ã« ⢠although
ã»ç³ãèš³ãªããã©é·å±
ã§ããªããã§ãã
ã»èµ€ãåã¯ä»ç©ºè
¹ã ããæ³£ããŠãã
ã»åœŒã¯è¥ãã®ã«ãã£ããããŠãã
ã»I'm sorry, but I can't stay long
ã»The baby is crying because it's hungry now
ã»Although he is young, he is responsible
â£ãSentence Final Particles
Short functional words that are attached to the end of an utterance and convey various speaker sentiments and attitudes
ã ⢠confirmation, agreement
ã ⢠conviction, assertion
ã ⢠soften warning, command, request
ã ⢠interrogative
ã ⢠weak assertive, volition
ã ⢠unswayed judgement, indicates command
ã ⢠unswayed judgement
ã ⢠mark assertion, surprise
㮠⢠informal question
ã»èªãã§ãã ããã
ã»ãšãŠãé¢çœãã§ãã
ã»èªãã
ã»è¡ããŸãã
ã»ãã®éšå±ã¯ã¡ããã
ã»ããã
ã»ãã®éæšãã
ã»åãæ¥æ¬èªã話ããã
ã»ããããªãã®ïŒ
ã»Please read it
ã»It's very interesting
ã»Read it
ã»Are you going?
ã»This room is small
ã»Letâs go
ã»This fish is tasty
ã»I can also speak Japanese
ã»Understand?
Demonstratives
Demonstratives are words that indicate entities to which a speaker is referring.
ko
kore thisã»this one
korera theseã»these ones
kono (+noun) this (noun)
koko hereã»this place
kochira this wayã»this direction
kouiu (+noun)
suchã»this sort ofã»like this (noun)
konna (+noun)
suchã»this sort ofã»like thisã»this kind of (noun)
konoyouna (+noun)
suchã»this sort ofã»like thisã»this kind of (noun)
konnani
this (much)ã»to this degreeã»like thisã»in this way
konoyouni
in this mannerã»in this wayã»like this
kou in this wayã»thusã»such
ã»ããã¯æ¬ã§ã
ã»ãããèŠãŠãã
ã»ãã®ãã³ã¯èª°ã®ã§ã
ã»ãã®éšã®äžãæ©ããŠããã®ã§ãã
ã»ããããæ¶ããŠãã
ã»ãããç§ã®éã£ãåŠæ ¡ã
ã»ãããŸã§ã¯è¿œã£ãŠããªãã ãã
ã»ãã¡ããžã©ãã
ã»ãã¡ããåããŠãã ãã
ã»ããããããš
ã»ãããããµãã«ãããšããŸãããã
ã»ãããªå€§éªã¯çãã
ã»ãããªæ°æã¡ã«ãªã£ãã®ã¯åããŠã
ã»ãã®ãããªè©±ãã©ããã§èããããšããã
ã»æã®å€ã¯ãããªã«æããªãã£ã
ã»å±±æç·ããããªã«é
ããããšã¯çãã
ã»ãã®ããã«ãã£ãŠããããªãã
ã»ã©ã±ããã¯ããæã£ãŠãã ãã
ã»ãããã, èª¬ææžã«ããæžããŠãã
ã»This is a book
ã»Look at this
ã»Whose pen is this?
ã»Have you walked in this rain?
ã»Get out of here
ã»This is the school I went to
ã»They won't follow us this far
ã»This way, please
ã»Please turn around
ã»Things like this
ã»If you do it like this, it works
ã»Such heavy snow is rare
ã»I've never felt like this before
ã»I've heard stories like this somewhere before
ã»It wasn't always this hot in the summer
ã»It's rare for the Yamanote Line to be this late
ã»Try it this way
ã»Hold your racquet like this
ã»Listen! This is what it says in the explanation
so
sore thatã»that one
sorera thoseã»those ones
sono (+noun) that (noun)
soko thereã»that place
sochira that wayã»that direction
souiu (+noun)
suchã»that sort ofã»like that (noun)
sonna (+noun)
suchã»that sort ofã»like thatã»that kind of (noun)
sonoyouna (+noun)
suchã»that sort ofã»like thatã»that kind of (noun)
sonnani
that (much)ã»to that degreeã»like thatã»in that way
sonoyouni
in that mannerã»in that wayã»like that
sou in that wayã»thusã»such
ã»ãã以å
ã»ãã以åŸ
ã»ããã«ã€ããŠã¯åŸã§è¿°ã¹ã
ã»ãã®ææ°ã
ã»ããã¯åããªããããã®æèšã ã£ã
ã»ãããå°ã£ããšãããªãã ã
ã»ããããå
ã¯èšããªããŠããã
ã»ãããŸã§ã¯èããªãã£ã
ã»ãã¡ãã®ãèŠããŠãã ãã
ã»ä»ãããã¡ããžäŒºããŸã
ã»ãã¡ãã®æ§åã¯ãããã§ãã
ã»ããããå Žåã«ã¯
ã»è¥è
ã«ã¯æã
ããããããšããããã ãã©
ã»ããããããã
ã»ãããªããšãèšã£ãã誀解ãããã
ã»ãããªèªåãã€ãã¥ãããã«ãªã
ã»ãããªã€ãããããªãã£ããã
ã»ãããªã«äœ¿ã£ãã®ã
ã»ãããªã«å¯ããªã
ã»ã»ããšã«ãããªãã§ãã
ã»ããèãããš
ã»ããããŸãã.ããããŸã
ã»ããèšãããã°ãããªæ°ãããŠãã
ã»Before that
ã»After that
ã»We'll talk about that later
ã»That's the spirit!
ã»It was that watch I lost
ã»That's where the trouble lies
ã»You don't have to tell me where to go from there
ã»I didn't think that far ahead
ã»Please show me that
ã»I'm on my way there now
ã»How are things going over there?
ã»In that case
ã»I mean, that's what happens sometimes with young people
ã»That's how it is
ã»You'll be misunderstood if you say that
ã»I hate myself for that.
ã»I didn't mean it like that
ã»You've spent that much?
ã»It's not that cold
ã»Is it really so?
ã»When you think about it
ã»I understand. I will do that
ã»That's what I thought when you said that
a
are thereã»that one there
arera thoseã»those over there
ano (+noun) that (noun) over there
asoko over thereã»that place there
achira that wayã»that direction
auiu (+noun)
suchã»that sort ofã»like that (noun)
anna (+noun)
suchã»that sort ofã»like thatã»that kind of (noun)
anoyouna (+noun)
suchã»that sort ofã»like thatã»that kind of (noun)
annani
that (much)ã»to that degreeã»like thatã»in that way
anoyouni
in that mannerã»in that wayã»like that
aa in that wayã»thusã»such
ã»ãããä»åºŠã®åžé·ã§ã
ã»ããã¯äœã®é³ã ãã
ã»ããã¯äœã§ãã
ã»ãã®å±±ã¯äœãšããå±±ã§ãã
ã»ãã®åŸãã£ãš
ã»ãã®è©±ã¯ã©ããªã£ãŠã?
ã»ããããŸã§ç«¶èµ°ããã
ã»ãããã®ã©ãŒã¡ã³å±ã«å
¥ãã
ã»æ®éããããŸã§èšããªãã
ã»ãã¡ãã«èŠããå±±
ã»ãã¡ããæ°è£œåã§ããããŸã
ã»ãã¡ãã®æ°åã¯æ¥æ¬ããå³ãã
ã»ãããªæ£çŽãªäºº
ã»ãããªçŸããçµµ
ã»ç§ã¯ãããªã«åã人ã¯èŠãããšããªã
ã»That's the new mayor
ã»What was that sound?
ã»What is that?
ã»What is that mountain called?
ã»After all that time
ã»What's that story?
ã»Let's race up there!
ã»Let's go to that noodle shop
ã»They don't usually say that much.
ã»The mountain you can see over there
ã»That's the new product!
ã»The climate there is harsher than in Japan
ã»Such an honest man
ã»Such a beautiful picture
ã»I've never seen anyone that so great in my life
do
dore whichã»which one
dorera whichã»which ones
dono (+noun) which (noun)
doko whereã»what place
dochira
which wayã»which directionã»which one
douiu (+noun)
such whatã»what sort ofã»like what (noun)
donna (+noun)
such whatã»what sort ofã»like whatã»what kind of (noun)
donoyouna (+noun)
such whatã»what sort ofã»like whatã»what kind of (noun)
donnani
how (much)ã»to what degreeã»like whatã»in what wayã»no matter how
donoyouni
howã»in what mannerã»in what wayã»like what
dou
in what wayã» how aboutã»howã»no matter how
ã»ãžã§ããã¯ã倧ãäžãå°ã®ã©ããããã§ãã
ã»ããŒã«ã¯ããžã§ãããšããã«ãšã©ã£ã¡ãããã§ãã
ã»ã©ã®è»ãããã§ãã
ã»ã©ã®éšå±ãããã§ããã
ã»ã©ãããæ¥ãã®
ã»ä»æ¥ã¯ã©ãããã§ãã
ã»å¯ŸæŠçžæã¯ã©ãã§ãã
ã»ã©ã¡ããžãåºã§ã§ãã
ã»å
ãšé³ãšã©ã¡ããéãã
ã»ãåœã¯ã©ã¡ãã§ãã?
ã»ã©ããã颚ã«
ã»ã©ãããèš³ã§
ã»ããã¯ã©ãããèš³ã§ãã
ã»ãã£ããããã¯ã©ãããããš?
ã»ãã®äººã¯ã©ãããæ§æ Œã®äººã§ãã
ã»ã©ããªäººã§ãã
ã»ä»æ¥ã¯ã©ããªå
·åã§ãã
ã»åäŸã«ã©ããªæ¬ãèªãŸãããããã§ãããã
ã»ã©ããªã«éããã£ãŠã
ã»ã©ããªã«å匷ããŠã
ã»ã©ããªãããŸããã
ã»ã©ãããã®
ã»ã©ãèããŠã¿ãŠã
ã»ã©ãèããŠã¿ãŠãããã¯ããããã
ã»Which one do you like a large, medium or small mug?
ã»Which one do you prefer a mug of beer or a bottle?
ã»Which car would you like to buy?
ã»Which room would you like?
ã»Where do you come from?
ã»Where do you come from today?
ã»Where are the opponents?
ã»Where are you going?
ã»Which is faster, light or sound?
ã»Where is your country?
ã»In what way?
ã»For what reason?
ã»What is the reason?
ã»What is this all about?
ã»What kind of person is he?
ã»What kind of person are you?
ã»How are you feeling today?
ã»What books should I read to my child?
ã»No matter how much money you have
ã»No matter how much you study
ã»How can I help you?
ã»What's the matter?
ã»No matter how you look at it
ã»No matter how you look at it, that's not right
Nouns
Noun
Nouns are words which denote people, animals, places, things, or concepts.
Japanese nouns doesnât conjugate it change itâs form. In order to form a past tense, negative form or other forms, a copula is attach to it in order to suffice.
Forms
Noun (Plain Form - Non Past)
ã»hana ⢠hana da
Noun (Polite Form - Non Past)
ã»hana ⢠hana desu
Noun (Plain Form - Past)
ã»hana ⢠hana datta
Noun (Polite Form - Past)
ã»hana ⢠hana deshita
Noun (Plain Form - Negative)
ã»hana ⢠hana ja nai
Noun (Polite Form - Negative)
ã»hana ⢠hana dewa nai
ã»hana ⢠hana dewa arimasen
Noun (Plain Form - Past Negative)
ã»hana ⢠hana ja nakatta
Noun (Polite Form - Past Negative)
ã»hana ⢠hana dewa nakatta
ã»hana ⢠hana dewa arimasen deshita
Noun (Connective Form)
ã»hana ⢠hana de
Noun(Connective Form - Negative)
ã»hana ⢠hana ja nakute
ã»hana ⢠hana dewa nakute
Pro-Nouns
A pronoun is a word that is used to replace a noun or noun phrase.
â ãFirst Person
ç§ããããããã»I,me
åããŒããããã»I,me (M)
俺ããããããã»I,me (M)
ç§ããããããã»I,me
ç§ããããããã»I,me (F)
â¡ãSecond Person
ããªãããã»you
ãã¿ãããã»you
â¢ãThird Person
圌ããããããããã»he,him
圌女ãããã®ãããã»she,her
ãã®äººããã®ã²ãšãã»he,she,that person
Noun-Phrase
A noun phrase is a modified
noun.
A word or groups of words that modifies a noun comes before the
noun.
â ãDemonstratives + Noun
Referencing a noun
âãkono/sono/ano/dono + Noun â this/that/which Noun
âãkouiu/souiu/auiu/douiu + Noun â this/that/what kind of Noun
âãkonna/sonna/anna/donna + Noun â this/that/what kind of Noun
ã»ãã®æ¬
ã»ãã®åŠç
ã»ãããªèŸæž
ã»ãã®æ
ã»This book
ã»That student
ã»This kind of dictionary
ã»At that time
â¡ãSpecialized Noun modifying words
Characterize a noun
âãarayuru + Noun â every possible Noun
âãiwayuru + Noun â so-called Noun
âãonaji + Noun â the same Noun
âãsaru + Noun â the past/last Noun
ã»ç§ãã¡ã¯ããããåé¡ã話ãã£ã
ã»åœŒã¯ããããç«æŽŸãªç޳士ã
ã»åã幎ã®å€«ãšã¯äžååã«ç¥ãåã£ã
ã»ããå
æã«ç§ã®å§ã¯é«æ ¡ã®æåž«ãšçµå©ãã
ã»We have talked about all possible problems
ã»He's what we call a fine gentleman
ã»She met her husband of the same age three yen ago
ã»In June last year my sister married a high school teacher
â¢ãNoun + Noun
Affiliation/Characterization/Apposition
âãNoun1 + no + Noun2 â Noun1âs Noun2/Noun2 of Noun1
ã»æ¥æ¬ã®å±±
ã»æ¥æ¬ã®æ¿æ²»
ã»æè¿ã®è¥è
ã»3æã®é»è»ã«ä¹ã
ã»ããã®å®¶ã®äž»äºº
ã»æ±äº¬ã®ã¢ããŒãã¯ãšãŠãé«ã
ã»Mountains of Japan
ã»Japan's politics
ã»Today's youth
ã»Catching the 3 o'clock train
ã»The owner of this house
ã»Flats in Tokyo are very expensive
â£ãPronoun + Noun Possessing a noun
âãwatashi/boku/ore + no + Noun â my Noun
âãwatashitachi + no + Noun â our Noun
âãanata/kimi + no + Noun â your Noun
ã»ç§ã®è»
ã»ããªãã®è·ç©
ã»ç§ãã¡ã®å®¶
ã»My car
ã»Your luggage
ã»Our home
â€ãAdjective(Proper) + Noun
Describing a Noun
âãI-Adjective + Noun
ã»é«ãå±±
ã»æ°ããäœéš
ã»å€ãå®¶å±
ã»High mountains
ã»New experiences
ã»Old houses
â¥ãAdjective(Adjectival Noun) + Noun
Describing a Noun
âãNa-Adjective + na + Noun
ã»ããããªå±±
ã»éããªæ
ã»æè»ãªçºæ³
ã»å€§å€ãªåé¡
ã»Beautiful mountains
ã»A quiet morning
ã»Flexible thinking
ã»A serious problem
âŠãAdjective(Converted Adjectival Noun) + Noun
Describing a Noun
âãConverted-Na-Adjective + (na) + Noun
ã»ç²Ÿç¥çãªåŒ·ã
ã»çæ³çãªç·æ§
ã»æ¿æ²»çåé¡
ã»ç€ŸäŒç責任
ã»Mental strength
ã»The ideal man
ã»Political issues
ã»Social Responsibility
â§ãAdjective(No Adjective) + Noun
Describing a Noun
âãNo-Adjective + no + Noun
ã»ãã³ã¯ã®ãã©ãã³ãŽ
ã»çã®ããã³
ã»å
¬ã®äºå®
ã»è£žã®çå®
ã»æ¬åœã®è©±
ã»æåŸã®éšå
ã»æåã®åºçŸ
ã»Pink flamingos
ã»Raw mushrooms
ã»Public facts
ã»The naked truth
ã»The real story
ã»The last part
ã»First appearance
âšãAdjective(No Adjectiveã»Adjective-Stemã»Adverbial Noun) +
Noun Describing a Noun
âãNo-Adjective + no + Noun
ã»è¿ãã®ã¹ãŒããŒ
ã»é ãã®çº
ã»å€ãã®æ©çš®
ã»Nearby supermarkets
ã»A far away town
ã»Many models
â©ãNumber + Counter + Noun
Characterizing a Noun
âãNumber + Counter + no + Noun
ã»äžã€ã®å°å
ã»ã¬ã³ãºäžæã®äŸ¡æ Œ
ã»One region
ã»Price per lens
âªãAdverb + Noun Describing a Noun
âãAdverb-te + no + Noun
ã»å
šãŠã®èŠå¶
ã»ã¯ãããŠã®äœå±
ã»çãŸããŠåããŠã®äœéšã ã£ã
ã»All regulations
ã»Your first home
ã»It was the first time in my life
âªãAdverb + Noun Describing a Noun
âãAdverb + (to) + shita + Noun
ã»ãµãšããããšãã寺山修åžããã
ã»ãããã£ãšããæ¯ãããã¯æãå€ã«ãåã
ã»æŒ ãšããäžå®ã«è¥²ããã
ã»By chance I got to know Shuji Terayama
ã»The crunchy texture is ideal for hot summer days
ã»I get vague anxiety
â« Onomatope + Noun (Onomatope as Noun Modifier)
Describing a Noun
âãOnomatope + no/na + Noun
ã»ãã«ãã«ã®éŽ
ã»ããµããµã®é«ª
ã»ã€ã©ã€ã©ã®æ°æã¡
ã»ãã€ãã€ã®é£ã¹ç©
ã»Shiny shoes
ã»Dry hair
ã»Feelings of frustration
ã»Hot food
⬠Noun + Particle + Noun
Referencing a Noun
âãNoun + Particle + no + Noun
ã»å
çããã®æçŽ
ã»å³æžåã§ã®å匷
ã»é§
ãŸã§ã®ãã¹
ã»Letter from the teacher
ã»Study in the library
ã»Bus to the station
âãNoun + Adjective/Verb + Noun
Describing a Noun
âãNoun + ga/no + Adjective/Verb + Noun
ã»é ããã人
ã»ããåããããé
ã»èª¬åŸåã®ããã³ãŒãã«ãªãã ãã
ã»èãé«ã女æ§ãå€ããªã£ãŠããã®ã«å¯Ÿå¿ãããã®
ã»A smart person
ã»A fish that smells good
ã»He'll be a very convincing coach
ã»A response to the growing number of taller women
â®ãRelative Clause + Noun
Providing information in relation to a Noun
âãVta + Noun
ã»é¡ããäœå
ã»çºéããçè
ã»å®å®ããçæŽ»
ã»ç§ãæšæ¥èŠãå±±
ã»èªç«ãã蚌åžäŒç€Ÿã¯è²ããªã
ã»A entitled work
ã»Developing muscles
ã»A stable life
ã»The mountain I saw yesterday
ã»No independent brokerage firm can grow
â¯ãInternal sentences before compound particles (pre-nominal
form) + Noun
Providing information in relation to a Noun
âãNoun/Verb + Compound Particle + Noun
ã»æ¥æ¬èªææ³ã«é¢ããè«æ
ã»ãã®ä»äºãããã«åœãã£ãŠã®æ³šæ
ã»éžæãšããŠã®çµæŽã¯ããã
ã»ãã®ããšã«ã€ããŠã®å€§è£ã®èãã¯
ã»Articles in relation Japanese grammar
ã»Precautions for doing this job
ã»His career as a player is incredible
ã»The Minister's thoughts on this are..
â°ãAdverbial Clause + Noun
Providing information in relation to a Noun
âãClause-te + no + Noun
ã»ã客ãããã£ãŠã®å売
ã»ã¶ãã¯ãèè² ã£ãŠã®ãããã äžäººæ
ã»ããã§ãè±ãããæ±ããŠã®éèµ°ã¯ç¶ã
ã»Customers are our business
ã»Traveling alone in Vietnam with a backpack
ã»Yet the flight to riches continues
â±ãNoun/Sentence toiu + Noun
Providing information in relation to a Noun
âãNoun/Sentence + toiu + Noun â Noun named/called/that is Noun/Sentence
ã»å¯å£«å±±ãšããå±±
ã»ã¹ãºããšããåŠç
ã»åœŒå¥³ã®å°çãäžæ¥é
ãããšããé£çµ¡ãå
¥ã£ã
ã»A mountain called Mt Fuji
ã»A student called Suzuki
ã»I was informed that her arrival would be delayed by one day
â²ãSentence + Nominalizer
Converting a sentence to a noun equivalent
âãSentence + koto/no
ã»å
åããã¢ãã匟ããŠããã®ãèãã
ã»ããäŒãããšãå¿
èŠã§ã
ã»I heard Mitsuko playing the piano
ã»You need to rest well
â³ãEmbedded Interrogative Sentences
Providing information in relation to a Noun in a form of a question
âãSentence + ka
ã»èª°ããããããããåé¡ã
ã»èªæžãããã«å€§åããæããå¿
èŠããã
ã»It's just a question of who will do it
ã»We need to teach them how important reading is
ããMultiple Nouns Connecting Nouns
âãnoun to noun (to) â Noun and Noun
âãnoun ya noun (ya) â Noun, Noun among others
âãnoun, noun, noun nado â Noun, Noun, Noun and etc
âãnoun toka noun toka â Noun, Noun and so on
âãnoun ka noun â Noun or Noun
âãnoun, noun matawa noun â Noun, Noun or Noun
ã»ãºããšæ¬ïŒãšïŒ
ã»å¯¿åžãã©ãŒã¡ã³ãã飯ïŒãïŒ
ã»ã¢ã¡ãªã«,ãã€ã,ãã©ã³ã¹ãªã©
ã»å€©ã·ããšãããã¿ãšããã©ããšã
ã»ã«ã¿ã«ããã²ãããªïŒãïŒ
ã»æ¥æ¬èª,éåœèª,ãŸãã¯äžåœèª
ã»Pen and book
ã»Sushi, ramen and rice
ã»USA, Germany, France, etc.
ã»Tempura, sashimi, udon...
ã»Katakana or Hiragana
Na-Adjectives
Na-Adjectives are adjectival nouns which describes other nouns and pronouns.
Structure
Na-Adjectives doesnât conjugate it change itâs form. In order to form a past tense, negative form or other forms, a copula is attach to it in order to suffice.
Forms
Na-Adj (Plain Form - Non Past)
ã»genki ⢠genki da
Na-Adj (Polite Form - Non Past)
ã»genki ⢠genki desu
Na-Adj (Plain Form - Past)
ã»genki ⢠genki datta
Na-Adj (Polite Form - Past)
ã»genki ⢠genki deshita
Na-Adj (Plain Form - Negative)
ã»genki ⢠genki ja nai
Na-Adj (Polite Form - Negative)
ã»genki ⢠genki dewa nai
ã»genki ⢠genki dewa arimasen
Na-Adj (Plain Form - Past Negative)
ã»genki ⢠genki ja nakatta
Na-Adj (Polite Form - Past Negative)
ã»genki ⢠genki dewa nakatta
ã»genki ⢠genki dewa arimasen deshita
Na-Adj (Connective Form)
ã»genki ⢠genki de
Na-Adj (Connective Form - Negative)
ã»genki ⢠genki ja nakute
ã»genki ⢠genki dewa nakute
Na-Adj (Adverbial Form)
ã»genki ⢠genki ni
Na-Adj (Adjectival Form)
ã»genki ⢠genki na
List
I-Adjectives
Adjectives are words that describe nouns and pronouns.
Structure
Forms
I-Adj (Plain Form - Non Past)
ã»yasui ⢠yasui
I-Adj (Polite Form - Non Past)
ã»yasui ⢠yasui desu
I-Adj (Plain Form - Past Tense)
ã»yasui ⢠yasukatta
I-Adj (Polite Form - Past Tense)
ã»yasui ⢠yasukatta desu
I-Adj (Plain Form - Negative)
ã»yasui ⢠yasukunai
I-Adj (Polite Form - Negative)
ã»yasui ⢠yasukunai desu
ã»yasui ⢠yasukuarimasen
I-Adj (Plain Form - Past Negative)
ã»yasui ⢠yasukunakatta
I-Adj (Polite Form - Past Negative)
ã»yasui ⢠yasukunakatta desu
ã»yasui ⢠yasukuarimasen deshita
I-Adj.ad (Adverbial Form)
ã»yasui ⢠yasuku
I-Adj (Connective Form)
ã»yasui ⢠yasukute
I-Adj (Connective Form - Negative)
ã»yasui ⢠yasukunakute
I-Adj (Conditional Form - ba)
ã»yasui ⢠yasukereba
I-Adj (Conditional Form - tara)
ã»yasui ⢠yasukattara
I-Adj (Root)
ã»yasu
List
Adverbs
Adverbs are words that precede and modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, and even whole clauses.
Structure
â Adverbs Derivation
Adjective Stem ⢠Adverb
ã»ããŸãããâ¢ãããŸããã⊠skillfully, well
ã»ãããããâ¢ãããããã⊠inexpensively, cheaply
ã»ãµããããâ¢ããµãããã⊠deeply, intimately
ã»ã¯ããããâ¢ãã¯ãããã⊠early, soon, quickly
ã»ãããããâ¢ãããããã⊠awfully, very, immensely
ã»ã¿ããããâ¢ãã¿ãããã⊠shortly, briefly
ã»ãããããâ¢ãããããã⊠in detail, fully
Na Adjective ⢠Adverb
ã»ãããããâ¢ããããã«ãã⊠neatly, carefully
ã»ãšãã¹ã€ãâ¢ããšãã¹ã€ã«ã⊠speacilly, particularlly
ã»ãããã€ãâ¢ããããã€ã«ã⊠carefully, with great care
No Adjective ⢠Adverb
ã»ã¯ã ããâ¢ãã¯ã ãã§ã⊠nakedly
Onomatope ⢠Adverb
ã»ã¡ãããšãâ¢ãã¡ãããšã⊠properly, deligently, exactly
ã»ãšããšããâ¢ããšããšãã⊠shaky, unsteadily
ã»ãã£ãããâ¢ããã£ããã⊠completely, entirely
ã»ãã£ãããâ¢ããã£ãã(ãš)ã⊠slowly, leisurely
ã»ãã«ãã«ãâ¢ããã«ãã«(ãš)ã⊠sparkly
ã»ãµããµããâ¢ããµããµã(ãš)ã⊠shaky, unsteadily
Verbs ⢠Adverb
ã»ã¯ããããâ¢ãã¯ãããŠã⊠first time
ã»ãããããâ¢ãããããŠã⊠extremely, exceedingly
ã»ãããããâ¢ãããããŠã⊠exceedingly
ã»è¿œããããâ¢ã远ã£ãŠãã⊠later on, shortly, in due course
Verbs (Duplication) ⢠Adverb
ã»ãããããâ¢ãããã-ãããã⊠timidly
ã»ãããããâ¢ãããã-ãããã⊠in-turn
ã»ã¿ããããâ¢ãã¿ã-ã¿ãããã⊠as you look on
Nouns (Adverbial Nouns) ⢠Adverb
These are used as an adeverb to express time
ã»ããŸããâ¢ãããŸãã⊠now
ã»ããããâ¢ããããã⊠today
ã»ãã®ããâ¢ããã®ãã⊠yesterday
ã»ããããâ¢ããããã⊠tomorrow
ã»ããããâ¢ããããã⊠morning
ã»ã²ãããâ¢ãã²ããã⊠noon
ã»ããããâ¢ããããã⊠night
ã»ã¯ãããâ¢ãã¯ããã⊠spring
ã»ãªã€ããâ¢ããªã€ãã⊠summer
ã»ããããâ¢ããããã⊠autumn
ã»ãµãããâ¢ããµããã⊠winter
ã»ããããâ¢ããããã⊠old times
Nouns/Verbs + Compound Particle (Pre-Verbal Form) ⢠Adverbials
Modifies, describes or gives more information about the verb itâs closely connected
ã»æ¥æ¬ã®æåã«ã€ããŠè©±ã
ã»å¹Žãåãã«ã€ããŠèšæ¶åãè¡°ãã
ã»To talk about Japanese culture
ã»As one grows old one's memory fails
Types
â¡ Different types of Adverbs
Adverbs of Manner
Indicates the way some action is being performed
ã»ãããããâ¢ããããã«ã⊠neatly
ã»ãã£ãããâ¢ããã£ããã⊠completely
ã»ãã£ãããâ¢ããã£ããã⊠well
ã»ãŸã£ãããâ¢ããŸã£ããã⊠straightly
ã»ã¡ããã©ãâ¢ãã¡ããã©ã⊠exactly
ã»ã¯ã£ãããâ¢ãã¯ã£ããã⊠clearly
ã»ãŸã£ãããâ¢ããŸã£ããã⊠really
ã»ã¡ãããšãâ¢ãã¡ãããšã⊠properly
ã»ãã¡ããšãâ¢ããã¡ããšã⊠accurately
ã»ã¶ããããâ¢ãã¶ãã«ãã⊠safely
ã»ãã£ãããâ¢ããã£ããã⊠immediately
Adverbs of Degree
Indicates the degree to which the word it modifies
ã»ãã£ãšããâ¢ããã£ãšããã⊠more, even more, further
ã»ãã£ãšããâ¢ããã£ãšããã⊠extremely, most
ã»ãã¡ã°ããâ¢ããã¡ã°ããã⊠most, number one
ã»ã ãã¶ããâ¢ãã ãã¶ããã⊠pretty, considerably
ã»ã²ããããâ¢ãã²ãããã«ã⊠very, extremely
ã»ã»ãšãã©ãâ¢ãã»ãšãã©ãã⊠almost, mostly
ã»ãã£ãããâ¢ããã£ãããã⊠entirety, (not) at all, never
ã»ãã€ãããâ¢ããã€ã«ããã⊠really/very clever
ã»ããªãããâ¢ãããªãããã⊠considerably, fairly
ã»ãã£ãããâ¢ããã£ãããã⊠quite, fairly, considerably
ã»ããããŠãâ¢ãããããŠãã⊠extremely, exceedingly
ã»ãã£ãããâ¢ããã£ãããã⊠completely, entirely
ã»ãããžããâ¢ããããžããã⊠very, greatly, terribly
ã»ãšãŠãããâ¢ããšãŠãããã⊠very, exceedingly
ã»ãããããâ¢ããããããã⊠very, immensely
ã»ãããããâ¢ããããããã⊠a lot, sufficiently
ã»ãããããâ¢ããããã«ãã⊠a lot, much, greatly
ã»ãããããâ¢ããããã«ãã⊠a little, slightly
ã»ããã¶ããâ¢ãããã¶ããã⊠very, etremely, terribly
ã»ãããããâ¢ããããããã⊠a little, a few
ã»ããŸãããâ¢ãããŸãããã⊠(not) very much
ã»ãããããâ¢ããããããã⊠(not) at all
ã»ãªããªããâ¢ããªããªããã⊠pretty, fairly
ã»ãŸããŸããâ¢ããŸããŸããã⊠so-so
Adverbial Nouns of time and frequency
Indicates the time and frequency to which the word it modifies
ã»ããããããã⢠ããããããã⊠beforehand, previously
ã»ã¯ãããããã⢠ã¯ããã«ããã⊠firstly, first of all
ã»ããŸããããã⢠ããŸããããã⊠now
ã»ããŸã«ãããã⢠ããŸã«ãããã⊠any moment
ã»ãã®ããã ãã⢠ãã®ããã ãã⊠the other day, lately
ã»ãã®ãšãããã⢠ãã®ãšãããã⊠lately, recently
ã»ãŸã ããããã⢠ãŸã ããããã⊠still, as yet, only
ã»ãŸããªãããã⢠ãŸããªãããã⊠soon, shortly, in a moment
ã»ãŸãããããã⢠ãŸãã«ãããã⊠rarely
ã»ãŸãããããã⢠ãŸãããããã⊠again
ã»ããããããã⢠ããããããã⊠already
ã»ããããããã⢠ããããããã⊠in the past
ã»ããããããã⢠ãããã«ããã⊠finally
ã»ããããããã⢠ããããããã⊠recently
ã»ããããããã⢠ããããã«ãã⊠first, onset
ã»ããããããã⢠ããã«ãããã⊠ahead (of), first
ã»ããã»ã©ããã⢠ããã»ã©ããã⊠a while ago
ã»ãã£ããããã⢠ãã£ããããã⊠a moment ago
ã»ããããããã⢠ããã«ãããã⊠immediately
ã»ããããããã⢠ããããããã⊠a little, a bit
ã»ãã³ãã³ããã⢠ãã³ãã³ ãã⊠often
ã»ãã°ãã°ããã⢠ãã°ãã°ããã⊠frequently
ã»ããã£ã¡ã
ãã⢠ããã£ã¡ã
ãã⊠always, frequently
ã»ãã§ããããã⢠ãã§ã«ãããã⊠already, too late
ã»ã€ãããããã⢠ã€ãã«ãããã⊠next to
ã»ããããããã⢠ããããããã⊠often
ã»ãããŠãããã⢠ãããŠãããã⊠shortly
ã»ãã£ãšãããã⢠ãã£ãšãããã⊠all along, throughout
List
Onomatope
Onomatope is a word or group of words which have their meaning indicated by the sounds they mimic.
1. æ¥æ¬èªããã©ãã©ã«ãªããã
You will become fluent in Japanese.
2. 挢åãããããèªããã
I can read kanji easily.
3. å°ããã€ã³ãã³ãå匷ãããããã
I've studied hard, little by little.
4. ãããããäžçæžåœç·Žç¿ãããã
Let's keep practicing hard from now on.
5. ã©ãã©ãæ¥æ¬èªã§è©±ããŠã¿ããã
Try to speak Japanese more and more
6. ééããŠããããããããªãã§ã
Don't worry if you make a mistake.
7. ããããå匷ããŠãã仿¹ããªãã
You can't help it if you study it reluctantly.
8. ã ãã ãäžæã«ãªããããã
You'll get better and better at it gradually
9. å³ããå
çãããã·ãã·æããŠããããã
A strict teacher will teach you hard
10. åŠæ ¡ã®äžã¯ã¬ã€ã¬ã€ããããã£ãã
It was clamorously noisy in the school.
11. ã¿ããªãããã£ã¯ãã£ããã¹ã£ãŠãããã
Everyone was chattering.
12. å
çãæ¥ãããã·ãŒã³ãšéãã«ãªã£ãã
When the teacher arrived, the scene became quiet.
13. ãœã¯ãœã¯ããŠèœã¡çããªããã
I'm so nervous and restless.
14. ããŒããªãã ããããããããªãã
It's a date. I'm so excited
15. ããã§ãŠããŠãããŠããã ã
That's what's making me so happy.
16. ããè¡ããªããããã¿ãã¿ã ãã
I have to go. I'm in a flurry.
17. ãã¿ã³ïŒçãããã¢ã«æãã¯ããã ã
Bang! Ouch, I stuck my finger in the door.
18. å±ãªãããïœããã©ãã©ããã
Dangerous. Oh, I'm on edge.
19. ãããªã«ã¬ãã¬ãèšããªãã§ã
Don't be so nagging.
20. ã°ãºã°ãºããŠããããæéãç¡ããªããã ãã
You're goofing off, and you're running out of time.
21. ãŠãã±ãä»äºãã§ãã人ã«ãªããããªã
I want to be a person who can work quickly.
22. ããããæå¥ãèšã£ãŠãããããããªãã
I can't help it if I complain about it.
23. ææ¥ããæ¥æ¬ã ãã¯ã¯ã¯ã¯ãããªãã
I'm going to Japan tomorrow. I'm so excited.
24. ã¢ã¿ãã¿ããªãããã«ãæºåãããã£ãšã
I'm going to get ready so I don't get caught off guard.
25. ãã£ããšããããšãããã
I'll do what I have to do.
26. ãã®ã¹ãŒãã±ãŒã¹ã¯ããã£ããéããã
This suitcase is very heavy.
27. ãšã€ã·ã§ããšã€ã·ã§ãéã¶ã®ã倧å€ã ãã
Yosh, yosh. It's hard to carry
28. ãããããã ã£ãããæ¥œã
æãŠããã©ãªã
I could easily carry this much.
29. ãŽããŽã転ãããŠãããããã ããããã¶ã
I'll just roll it over. It'll be fine.
30. ããããå¯ããããªã
I think I'll go to bed soon.
31. äžæ¥ããã£ãšããéã«çµãã£ã¡ãã£ããã
The day just flew by, didn't it?
32. ãã¹ããŒãã¯ã¡ãããšæã£ã?
I got my passport in order.
33. ãã£ããå®¶ã®ã«ã®ãéããŠã
Make sure the house is locked up.
34. ãŸã ãæéã¯ãã£ã·ããããã
There's still plenty of time.
35. ããããªãããã³ãã³ã
I'm already starving.
36. ãã£ãã£ããšãã¯ããäœãããã
I'll make you a quick meal.
37. ãã¯ãã¯ããé£ã¹ããã
You eat a lot of food.
38. ãã£ãé£ã¹ãããŠãèãã ã«ã ã«ããã
Ugh, I ate too much. My stomach is upset.
39. é ããºããºãçãã
My head is throbbing.
40. ãã©ãã©æ£æ©ã§ããããããªã
I think I'll go for a stroll.
41. ã®ãã³ããã®èŸºãæ©ããŠãããã
I'm gonna take a leisurely walk around the block.
42. ææ¥ã¯ãäºå®ããã£ããè©°ãŸã£ãŠããã
I've got a jam-packed schedule tomorrow.
43. 仿¥ã¯ãéšå±ã§ãŸã£ããæ ç»ã§ãèŠã?
Do you want to sit in your room and watch a movie today?
44. æ ç»ãèŠãªããããŠããŠãããã£ã¡ãã£ãã
I fell asleep while watching the movie.
45. æãŸã§ããã£ããç ãã?
Did you get a good night's sleep?
46. æå·®ãã±ã§ããªããªãç ããªãã£ãã
Jet lag made it hard to sleep.
47. ãã€ã¬ã«è¡ã£ãŠãã£ããããã
I went to the bathroom to clear my head.
48. æ°å®¿ã®è¡ã¯ãã¡ããã¡ãããŠããã
It's a messy town in Shinjuku.
49. ã€ããããªäººããŠããŠãããŠãã
There are some dangerous people walking around.
50. ãŒãããããŠããšãè¿·åã«ãªãããã
If you're in a daze, you'll get lost.
Inerrogatives

Nominalizer
Nominalization is the process of turning
words/phrases into nouns/noun phrases that arenât nouns.
The two nominalizers are no and
koto.
no
â ãnoto~ã»~ingã»that
no is use when referring to
A specific instance of an activity
A concrete or direct action
A personal or familiar knowledge
A back referral
Using perception verbs
A specific instance of an activity
âãVru/Vta + no
ã»æ¥å¹Žæ¥æ¬ãžè¡ãã®ã¯ç°äžããã§ã
ã»ç°äžãããæ¥æ¬ãžè¡ãã®ã¯æ¥å¹Žã§ã
ã»ãã®æçŽãæžããã®ã¯èª°?
ã»It is Mr.Tanaka will go to Japan next year
ã»It is next year that Mr.Tanaka will go to Japan
ã»Who wrote this letter?
A concrete or direct action
âãVru + no
ã»ãããæã¡äžããã®ãæäŒã£ãŠãã
ã»ãæ¯ãããæ©åŸ¡é£¯ãäœãã®ãæäŒã
ã»åœŒå¥³ãåç²§ããã®ãåŸ
ã€
ã»åœŒå¥³ãè²·ãç©ãçµããã®ãåŸ
ã£ãŠããŸã
ã»åäŸããã¬ããèŠãã®ãæ¢ãã
ã»åéãåž°ãã®ãæ¢ãã
ã»å®¿é¡ãããã®å¿ãã
ã»Help me to lift this
ã»I help my mom to cook dinner
ã»I wait for my girlfriend to put her make up on
ã»I'm waiting for her to finish her shopping
ã»I stopped my children from watching TV
ã»I stopped my friend to go home
ã»I forgot to do my homework
A personal/familiar knowledge
âãVru + no
ã»ç°äžããã¯æ¥æ¬èªãæããã®ãäžæã§ã
ã»ãµãã«ãŒãèŠãã®ã奜ãã§ã
ã»èªè»¢è»ã«ä¹ãã®ãå«ãã§ã
ã»ãã¢ãã匟ãã®ãåŸæã§ã
ã»ã®ã¿ãŒã匟ãã®ãäžæã§ã
ã»ãé
ã飲ãã®ãèŠæã§ã
ã»çµµãæãã®ãäžæã§ã
ã»Tanaka-san is good at teaching Japanese
ã»I like to watch football
ã»I don't like to ride a bicycle
ã»I am good at playing the piano
ã»I am good at playing the guitar
ã»I am not good in drinking alcohol
ã»I am not good at drawing
A back referral
âãVru + no
ã»æ¥æ¬èªã話ãã®ã¯é£ããã§ã
ã»é転ããã®ã¯ç°¡åã§ã
ã»éçãããã®ã¯æ¥œããã§ã
ã»æŒ¢åãèŠããã®ã¯é¢çœããªã
ã»ãããã£ãŠæ¯ãè¿ãã®ã£ãŠé¢çœããã
ã»Speaking Japanese is difficult
ã»Driving is easy
ã»Playing baseball is fun
ã»Memorizing Kanji is not interesting
ã»Looking back like this is interesting
Using perception verbs
âãVru + no
ã»åœŒãæ©ããŠããã®ãèŠã
ã»ãã®äººãç§ã®è²¡åžãçãã®ãèŠã
ã»åã¯ããããæ³³ãã®ãèŠãŠãã
ã»çœãè»ãèµ°ãå»ãã®ãèŠãã
ã»ç°äžããããã€ãªãªã³ã匟ãã®ãèãã
ã»é³ã厩ããã®ãèãããŸã
ã»èª°ããæã£ãŠããã®ãèãããŸã
ã»å®¶ãæºããã®ãæãã
ã»I saw him walking
ã»I saw that man steal my wallet
ã»I was watching Shizue swim
ã»I saw a white car drives off
ã»I heared Ms.Tanaka play the violin
ã»I hear a sound crumbling
ã»I hear someone singing
ã»I felt the house shake
koto
â¡ãkototo~ã»~ingã»that
koto is use when referring to
An abstract concept or thinking
A significant knowledge or concept
A notable experience
A decision
A potential or ability
A nominalized Engine
Following a grammatical pattern
A abstract concept or thinking
âãVru + koto
ã»åšã«æ©ãå°±è·ãããããšãèãã
ã»æ¥æ¬èªã§ã¯äžã€ã®æŒ¢åã«ã®èªã¿æ¹ãããããšãç¿ã£ã
ã»I thought about getting my daughter a job as soon as possible
ã»I learnt that in Japanese there are different ways of reading a single kanji
A significant knowledge or concept
âãVru + koto
ã»æ¯æ¥ç·Žç¿ããããš(ã¯/ã)倧åã§ã
ã»æŒ¢åããäŒæããããš(ã¯/ã)å¿
èŠã
ã»ãããªããšãå¯èœãªãã ããã
ã»Itâs important to practice everyday
ã»Studying Kanji is necessary
ã»Is that really possible?
Following a grammatical patternã»A notable experience
âãVta + koto ga aru
ã»æ¥æ¬ã«è¡ã£ãããšããããŸã
ã»å¯¿åžãé£ã¹ãããšããããŸã
ã»äœåºŠãæ¥æ¬é£ãé£ã¹ãããšããããŸã
ã»I have been to Japan
ã»I've eaten sushi
ã»I've eaten Japanese food a few times
Following a grammatical patternã»A potential or ability
âãVru + koto ga dekiru
ã»æ¥æ¬èªã話ãããšãã§ãã
ã»ã®ã¿ãŒã匟ãããšãã§ãã
ã»I can speak Japanese
ã»I can play a guitar
Following a grammatical patternã»A decision
âãVru + koto ni suru
âãVru + koto ni naru
âãVru + koto ni kimeru
ã»ç§ã¯æ¥å¹Žå°åã«è»¢å€ããããšã«ãªããŸãã
ã»æ¯æ¥æŒ¢åãåèŠããããšã«ããŸãã
ã»åœŒã¯èªåã§è¡ãããšã«æ±ºãã
ã»I has been decided that I will transfer to Kosaka next year
ã»I have decided to memorise ten kanji every day
ã»He decided to go by himself
Following a grammatical patternã»A nominalized Engine
âã.. + koto da/desu
ã»è¶£å³ã¯åçãæ®ãããšã§ã
ã»å€¢ã¯äžçäžãæ
è¡ããããšã§ã
ã»ãã®æçã®ç¹è²ã¯ãããããªææãå
¥ã£ãŠããããšã§ã
ã»My hobby is taking photos
ã»My dream is to travel around the world
ã»The feature of this dish is that it contains various ingredients
Counters
Numbers
Numbers 1-10
ã»äžãichi
ã»äºãni
ã»äžãsan
ã»åãyon
ã»äºãgo
ã»å
ãroku
ã»äžãnana/shichi
ã»å
«ãhachi
ã»ä¹ãkyuu
ã»åãjuu
Generic Counters
Counters 1-10
ã»ã²ãšã€ããhitotsu
ã»ãµãã€ããfutatsu
ã»ã¿ã£ã€ããmittsu
ã»ãã£ã€ããyottsu
ã»ãã€ã€ããitsutsu
ã»ãã£ã€ããmuttsu
ã»ãªãªã€ããnanatsu
ã»ãã£ã€ããyatsu
ã»ããã®ã€ãkokonotsu
ã»ãšããããtoo
Unit Counters
Time
ã»ç§ããã³ããããããã⊠seconds
ã»åãããµã/ã·ã/ã¶ãã⊠minutes
ã»æããããã€ããããã⊠number of months
ã»æããã€ããããããã⊠number of months
ã»å¹Žãããããããããã⊠number of years
ã»æéããããããããã⊠number of hours
ã»é±éããã
ãããããã⊠number of weeks
Numerical Value
ã»åããã
ãã⊠tens
ã»çŸãã²ããã⊠hundreds
ã»åããããã⊠thousand
ã»äžããŸããã⊠ten thousand
Percentage
ã»å²ãããã⊠percent
Weight
ã»ãããããããããããã⊠kilo
ã»ã°ã©ã ãããã°ã©ã ããã⊠gram
ã»ããªã°ã©ã ãããªã°ã©ã ã⊠milligram
Distance
ã»ã¡ãŒãã«ããã¡ãŒãã«ã⊠meter
ã»ã»ã³ããããã»ã³ããã⊠centimeter
Volume
ã»ãªããã«ãããªããã«ã⊠liter
Classifiers
Classification
ã»æ³ãããããããããã⊠age
ã»å¹ããŽãã»ã²ãã»ã³ãã⊠pets
ã»é ããšãããããããã⊠big animals
ã»çŸœãããããããããã⊠birds
ã»åããã€ããããããã⊠books, album, magazine
ã»æããŸãããããããã⊠flat things
ã»åãããããããããã⊠number of times
ã»éãããããããããã⊠building floors
ã»åãããããããããã⊠small objects, individual
ã»çŒ¶ãããããããããã⊠cans
ã»æ¬ããœãã»ã»ãã»ãŒãã⊠cylindrical things
ã»äººãããã»ãããããã⊠person
ã»åãããããããããã⊠person
ã»å°ãã ãããããããã⊠machines
ã»æ¥ããã»ã«ã¡ããããã⊠day
ã»æããã€ããããããã⊠month
ã»å¹Žãããããããããã⊠years
ã»åžãããããããããã⊠numbers of seats
ã»æ®µããµã ããããããã⊠stairs, steps, drawers, layer
ã»æãããããããããã⊠oâclock
ã»ç¹ããŠãããããããã⊠points, mark
ã»æ¯ãã±ãã»ã¯ãã»ã°ãã⊠liquid in glasses, bowls
ã»åãã°ãããããããã⊠multiples, -fold as in âtwofold"
ã»æ³ãã¯ãã»ã±ããããã⊠night stay
ã»è»ãããããããããã⊠buildings, houses
ã»çªãã°ãããããããã⊠number (ex. no. 2 - ni ban)
ã»èª²ãããããããããã⊠chapter, lesson
ã»æ¬¡ãããããããããã⊠stage, order, times
Ordinals
Suffix
ç® âŠ ã ⊠is added to indicate order
ã»3 æ¯ç®ã⊠Third bowl
ã»3 åç®ã⊠Third time
ã»1 è»ç®ã⊠First house/building
ã»4 åç®ã⊠Fourth one
ã»2 人ç®ã⊠The second person
ã»äžåç®ã®åžãã⊠The first row seat
ã»äžçªç®ã®åãã⊠The first girl
ã»äžã€ç®ã®ä¿¡å·ã⊠The first traffic light
ã»ããã€ç®ã®é§
ã⊠The nth station (How many stations?)
Prefix
第 ⊠ã ã ⊠is added to indicate order
ã»ç¬¬äžèª²ããã⊠The first chapter
ã»ç¬¬äºæããã⊠The second term
ã»ç¬¬äºæ®µéãã⊠The second stage
ã»ç¬¬äžæ¬¡ç£æ¥ã⊠Primary industry
ã»ç¬¬äžæ¬¡äºé²ã⊠Primary prevention
ã»ç¬¬äºæ¬¡éå£ã⊠Secondary group
ã»ç¬¬äºæ¬¡è£œåã⊠Secondary product
Adverbial Quantifiers
Adverbs
ã»å€ããããããããã⊠many
ã»å°ããããããããã⊠a few, a little
ã»ã¡ãã£ãšãã¡ãã£ãšã⊠a few, a little
ã»ãããããããããã⊠a lot, plenty, many
Affixes
Prefix
A prefix is a short element that is attached to the beginning of a word to add an additional meaning to or to change the meaning of the word.
ã»ãããolite prefix
ã»å¯ããable, ible
ã»åããeach, several
ã»çããone
ã»éããcounter, reverse
ã»ãããpolite prefix
ã»æºããsemi, quasi, assoc
ã»è«žããmany, various
ã»çŽ ããbare
ã»å
šããwhole, entire
ã»ç·ããgrand, general
ã»æ°ããseveral, a number of
ã»ãæçŽã»letterã»ãäžæã»skillfulã»ãå¿ããã»busy
ã»å¯çç©ã»flammable thingã»å¯æº¶æ§ã»solubility
ã»ååœã»each countryã»åéšå±ã»each room
ã»çæã»one handã»çäžæ¹ã»one of the twoã»çæã»a monent
ã»é广ã»counter productiveã»éã³ãŒã¹ã»reverse course
ã»ãå®¶æã»your familyã»ãçµå©ã»marriage
ã»æºæ±ºåã»semi-finalã»æºäŒå¡ã»associate member
ã»è«žèšåã»many facilitiesã»è«žç©äŸ¡ã»various prices
ã»çŽ è¶³ã»bare footã»çŽ çŒãã»unglazed pottery
ã»å
šåœæ°ã»the whole nationã»å
šäººå£ã»entire population
ã»ç·éžæã»general electionã»ç·åèšã»grand total
ã»æ°å€ãã»in large numbersã»æ°æ ¡ã»several schools
Suffix
A suffix is a short element that is attached to the end of a word to change the meaning of or to add an additional meaning to the word.
ã»å®¶ããer, ian, ist
ã»éããlimited to, only
ã»æ¹ããhow to, a way of
ã»æ¹ããplural marker
ã»åœ¢ããshaped
ã»åããtype, model
ã»ãã¡ãtend to, often
ã»ãã¿ãverging on
ã»é³æ¥œå®¶ã»musicianã»å°éå®¶ã»specialistã»è³æ¬å®¶ã»capilist
ã»ä»é±éãã»limited to this weekã»äžåºŠéãã»only once
ã»èªã¿æ¹ã»how to readã»way of reading
ã»ããªãæ¹ã»youã»å
çæ¹ã»the teachers
ã»åµåœ¢ã»egg-shapedã»äžæ¥æåœ¢ã»cresent
ã»ç®±åã»box typeã»Aåã»type Aã»1990幎åã»1990 model
ã»å¿ããã¡ã»tend toã»ç
æ°ãã¡ã»often get ill
ã»å€ªããã¿ã»verging on obesityã»é¢šéªãã¿ã»have a slight cold
Time
Hours
Nanjikan desu ka?How many hours?
ã»äžæéããichijikan
ã»äºæéããnijikan
ã»äžæéããsanjikan
ã»åæéããyojikan
ã»äºæéããgojikan
ã»å
æéããrokujikan
ã»äžæéããshichijikan
ã»å
«æéããhachijikan
ã»ä¹æéããkujikan
ã»åæéããjuujikan
ã»åäžæéãjuuichijikan
ã»åäºæéãjuunijikan
Minutes
Nanpun desu ka?How many minutes?
ã»äžåããippun
ã»äºåããnifun
ã»äžåããsanpun
ã»ååããyonpun
ã»äºåããgofun
ã»å
åããroppun
ã»äžåããnanafun
ã»å
«åããhappun
ã»ä¹åããkyuufun
ã»ååããjuppun
ã»åäžåãjuuichipun
ã»åäºåãjuunifun
ã»åäºåãjuugofun
ã»äžååãsanjuppun
Seconds
Nanbyou desu ka?How many seconds?
ã»äžç§ããichibyou
ã»äºç§ããnibyou
ã»äžç§ããsanbyou
ã»åç§ããyonbyou
ã»äºç§ããgobyou
ã»å
ç§ããrokubyou
ã»äžç§ããnanabyou
ã»å
«ç§ããhachibyou
ã»ä¹ç§ããkyuubyou
ã»åç§ããjuubyou
ã»åäžç§ãjuuichibyou
ã»åäºç§ãjuunibyou
Time Expression
Nanji desu ka?What time is it
ã»ïŒæããããããã¡ããããããããã1 o'clock
ã»ïŒæãããããã«ãããããããããã2 o'clock
ã»ïŒæãããããããããããããããã3 o'clock
ã»ïŒæïŒåããããããããµãããããã3:05
ã»ïŒæåãããããããã¯ããããããã3:30
ã»ååŸïŒæïŒåãããããããããµããã3:05 pm
ã»ååïŒæïŒåããããããããããµãã3:05 am
ã»ããïŒæã ãããIt's 7 o'clock already
ã»ããïŒæããã ãIt's already past 7
ã»ïŒæé ã«ããããSee you about 7
ã»ïŒæåã«ããããSee you a liitle before 7
ã»ïŒæéãã«ãããSee you a little past 7
ã»ïŒæïŒååããã5 minutes before 7 o'clock
ã»ïŒæïŒåéããã5 minutes past 7 o'clock
ã»ïŒæã«çµãããããããI'll be done at 9:00
ã»ïŒæã«çµãã£ãããããI finished at 9:00
ã»ïŒæã§çµãããããããIt will be over at 9:00
ã»ïŒæãŸã§çµããããããIt will be until 9:00
ã»ïŒæãŸã§åŸ
ã¡ãªããããWait till 6:00
ã»ïŒæã«èµ·ãããããããI woke up at 7:00
ã»ïŒæã«åž°ã£ãŠãããããI'll be back at 7:00
ã»ä»æ©ïŒæãŸã§æã§ãããI'm free until 6:00 this evening
ã»æ®éååŸïŒïŒæã«å¯ããI usually go to bed at 11:00pm
Location
Place of existence
Place of existence
ã»é§
ã®åã«ãåºããããŸã
ã»ãã³ãããŒãã«ã®äžã«çœ®ã
ã»ç§ã®å®¶æã¯éŠæž¯ã«ããŸã
ã»æºã®äžã«æ¬ããããŸã
ã»ç§ãã¡ã¯æ±äº¬é§
ã®è¿ãã«äœãã§ããŸã
ã»There is a store in front of the station
ã»Place the pen on the table
ã»My family is in Hongkong
ã»There is a book on my desk
ã»We live near Tokyo Station
Place of action
Place of action
ã»å³æžé€šã§å匷ããŠããŸã
ã»å«è¶åºã§è©±ããŠããŸã
ã»æ ç»é€šã§æ ç»ãèŠãŠããŸã
ã»ã¬ã¹ãã©ã³ã§ã±ãŒããé£ã¹ãŠããŸã
ã»I'm studying in the library
ã»Talking in a coffee shop
ã»Watching a movie at the cinema
ã»Eating a cake at a restaurant
Place of destination
Place of destination
ã»ç§ã¯æ¥æ¬ã«è¡ããŸã
ã»ãšãŒãããã«è¡ãããã§ã
ã»æšæ¥æ©ãå®¶ã«åž°ããŸãã
ã»æ¥æ¬ã«æ»ã£ãŠããŠãã ãã
ã»I'm going to Japan
ã»I want to go to Europe
ã»I went home early yesterday
ã»Please come back to Japan
Place of direction
Place of direction
ã»ãã¡ããžã©ãã
ã»æ¥æ¬ãžæ¥ãŠãã ãã
ã»ç§ãã¡ã¯ç§ç°çãžè¡ããŸã
ã»ãã¡ããžãé²ã¿ãã ãã
ã»Please come this way
ã»Please come to Japan!
ã»We're going to Akita Prefecture
ã»Please proceed this way
Relative Position
ã»ç®±ã®äžãããããã»Inside the box
ã»ç®±ã®å€ãããããã»Outside the box
ã»ããŒãã«ã®äžããã»On top of the table
ã»ããŒãã«ã®äžããã»Under the table
ã»é§
ã®åãããããã»In front of the station
ã»é§
ã®åŸãããããã»Behind the station
ã»éã®å·ŠåŽããããã»Left side of the road
ã»éã®å³åŽããããã»Right side of the road
ã»ç®±ã®äžã®ç«ã¯ç ã£ãŠãããã»The cat inside the box is asleep
ã»å±±ã®äžã®æäŒãçŸããããã»The church on top of the mountain is beautiful
ã»é£ã®åžã®å¥³ã®åãçŸãããã»The girl sitting next to me is beautiful
ã»è¡šãããããããfront
ã»è£ãããããããback
ã»äžå€®ããããããcenter
ã»éè·¯ã®ç«¯ããããroad edge/shoulder
ã»éšå±ã®é
ããããroom center
ã»å¥¥ãããããããback/inner/depth
ã»åºãããããããbottom
ã»æ£é¢ããããããfront
ã»åããã®å®¶ãããhouse opposite
ã»æãããããããdiagonal
ã»æãã«åããããcut diagonal
ã»é£ã®åžãããããseat next to
ã»æåããããããbefore/this side of
ã»å
ãããããããahead/beyond
ã»èŸºãããããããvicinity
ã»åŽãããããããside
ã»å
¬åã®åšããããaround the park
ã»åšèŸºã®ç°å¢ãããsurrounding environment
ã»åãæ¹åããããsame direction
ã»éã®æ¹åããããopposite direction
ã»åãããããããdirection/orientation
ã»å³åããããããfacing right
ã»ååããããããfacing south
ã»åããå€ããããchange direction
ã»äº€å·®ç¹ãããããintersection
ã»åè§ããããããcrossroads, street corner
ã»æ©éããããããsidewalk
ã»æšªææ©éããããpedestrian crossing
ã»è»éããããããroad
ã»çªãåœãããããend of the road
ã»èžåããããããrailroad crossing
ã»æšªåããããããto cross
ã»æ²¿ã£ãŠãããããto follow
ã»éã«è¿·ãããããto get lost
åãã: âbeyondâ or âother sideâ
ã»æµ·ã¯æšã®åããã§ã
ã»The ocean is beyond the trees
ã¡ãã: ânearâ or âcloseâ
ã»ãã®ãã£ããã¯ããã®ã¡ããã§ã
ã»That school is near the house
ãšãªã: ânextâ or âbesideâ
ã»ããã®ãšãªãã¯ãããããã§ã
ã»Next door to the house is the church
ãã°ïŒânearâ or âbesideâ
ã»ããã®ãã°ã«å·ããããŸã
ã»There is a river near the house
ããïŒâbesideâ
ã»ããã®ããã«ã§ãã¡ã
ãããããŸã
ã»There is a utility pole beside the house
å察åŽïŒâother sideâ or âopposite sideâ
ã»éè·¯ã®å察åŽã«ãåºããããŸã
ã»The store is on the other side of the road



